Showing posts with label captive insurance. Show all posts
Showing posts with label captive insurance. Show all posts
Captive Insurance Plans For Your Problems
Captive Insurance Plans
Avoid Paying nondeductible fines or penalties
Find out how we can guide you through these times
Avoid Paying nondeductible fines or penalties
Find out how we can guide you through these times
Captive Insurance Plans, Want to Get Audited? - HG.org
Captive Insurance Plans, Want to Get Audited? - HG.org
The insurance industry have been conjuring ways to make life insurance premiums tax deductible. Over the years we have seen many schemes that have failed IRS scrutiny. Welfare benefit plans set up under I.R.C. section 419, 412(e) plans and Producer Owned Reinsurance Companies (PORCs) are all common examples.
The insurance industry have been conjuring ways to make life insurance premiums tax deductible. Over the years we have seen many schemes that have failed IRS scrutiny. Welfare benefit plans set up under I.R.C. section 419, 412(e) plans and Producer Owned Reinsurance Companies (PORCs) are all common examples.
When one scheme fails it isn’t long before a resourceful promoter comes up with a different product. Inevitably promoters find some lawyer or accountant to draft a favorable opinion letter and a new industry is born. In a few years, however, the IRS catches up and declares the arrangement to be a listed transaction and abusive tax shelter. As an expert witness I have never lost a case in this field. It is easy to beat the deep pockets of the insurance companies who provide product to these plans. Even though they have business owners sign fraudulent disclaimers saying that the owners will get their own tax advice. These disclaimers are then used when the inevitable happens, the IRS audits and the business owner sues the insurance company.
The latest entries seeking to find a way to make life insurance premiums deductible is a small business captive insurance company or CIC.
The latest entries seeking to find a way to make life insurance premiums deductible is a small business captive insurance company or CIC.
IRS Audits 419, 412i, Captive Insurance Plans With Life Insurance, and Section 79 Scams
By Lance Wallach
June
2011
The IRS started auditing 419 plans in the ‘90s, and then
continued going after 412i and other plans that they considered abusive,
listed, or reportable transactions, or substantially similar to such
transactions.
In a recent Tax Court Case, Curcio v. Commissioner (TC Memo
2010-115), the Tax Court ruled that an investment in an employee welfare
benefit plan marketed under a 419 plan was a listed transaction in that the
transaction in question was substantially similar to the transaction described
in IRS Notice 95-34. A subsequent case, McGehee Family Clinic, largely followed
Curcio, though it was technically decided on other grounds. The parties
stipulated to be bound by Curcio on the issue of whether the amounts paid by
McGehee in connection with the 419 Plan and Trust were deductible. Curcio did
not appear to have been decided yet at the time McGehee was argued. The McGehee
opinion (Case No. 10-102) (United States Tax Court, September 15, 2010) does contain
an exhaustive analysis and discussion of virtually all of the relevant issues.
Taxpayers and their representatives should be aware that the
Service has disallowed deductions for contributions to these arrangements. The
IRS is cracking down on small business owners who participate in tax reduction
insurance plans and the brokers who sold them. Some of these plans include
defined benefit retirement plans, IRAs, or even 401(k) plans with life
insurance.
In order to fully grasp the severity of the situation, one
must have an understanding of Notice 95-34, which was issued in response to
trust arrangements sold to companies that were designed to provide deductible
benefits such as life insurance, disability and severance pay benefits. The
promoters of these arrangements claimed that all employer contributions were
tax-deductible when paid, by relying on the 10-or-more-employer exemption from
the IRC § 419 limits. It was claimed that permissible tax deductions were
unlimited in amount.
In general, contributions to a welfare benefit fund are not
fully deductible when paid. Sections 419 and 419A impose strict limits on the
amount of tax-deductible prefunding permitted for contributions to a welfare
benefit fund. Section 419A(F)(6) provides an exemption from Section 419 and
Section 419A for certain “10-or-more employers” welfare benefit funds. In
general, for this exemption to apply, the fund must have more than one
contributing employer, of which no single employer can contribute more than 10%
of the total contributions, and the plan must not be experience-rated with
respect to individual employers.
According to the Notice, these arrangements typically
involve an investment in variable life or universal life insurance contracts on
the lives of the covered employees. The problem is that the employer
contributions are large relative to the cost of the amount of term insurance
that would be required to provide the death benefits under the arrangement, and
the trust administrator may obtain cash to pay benefits other than death
benefits, by such means as cashing in or withdrawing the cash value of the
insurance policies. The plans are also often designed so that a particular
employer’s contributions or its employees’ benefits may be determined in a way
that insulates the employer to a significant extent from the experience of
other subscribing employers. In general, the contributions and claimed tax
deductions tend to be disproportionate to the economic realities of the
arrangements.
They advertised that enrollees should expect to obtain the
same type of tax benefits as listed in the transaction described in Notice
95-34. The benefits of enrollment listed in its advertising packet included:
Virtually unlimited deductions for the employer;
Contributions could vary from year to year;
Benefits could be provided to one or more key executives on
a selective basis;
No need to provide benefits to rank-and-file employees;
Contributions to the plan were not limited by qualified plan
rules and would not interfere with pension, profit sharing or 401(k) plans;
Funds inside the plan would accumulate tax-free;
Beneficiaries could receive death proceeds free of both
income tax and estate tax;
The program could be arranged for tax-free distribution at a
later date;
Funds in the plan were secure from the hands of creditors.
The Court said that the 419 Plan was factually similar to
the plans described in Notice 95-34 at all relevant times. In rendering its
decision the court heavily cited Curcio, in which the court also ruled in favor
of the IRS. As noted in Curcio, the insurance policies, overwhelmingly variable
or universal life policies, required large contributions relative to the cost
of the amount of term insurance that would be required to provide the death
benefits under the arrangement. The 419 Plan owned the insurance contracts.
The McGehee Family Clinic had enrolled in the 419 Plan in
May 2001 and claimed deductions for contributions to it in 2002 and 2005. The
returns did not include a Form 8886, Reportable Transaction Disclosure
Statement, or similar disclosure.
The IRS disallowed the latter deduction and adjusted the
2004 return of shareholder Robert Prosser and his wife to include the $50,000
payment to the plan. The IRS also assessed tax deficiencies and the enhanced
30% penalty totaling almost $21,000 against the clinic and $21,000 against the
Prossers. The court ruled that the Prossers failed to prove a reasonable cause
or good faith exception.
More you should know:
In recent years, some section 412(i) plans have been funded
with life insurance using face amounts in excess of the maximum death benefit a
qualified plan is permitted to pay.
Ideally, the plan should limit the proceeds that can be paid as a death
benefit in the event of a participant’s death.
Excess amounts would revert to the plan.
Effective February 13, 2004, the purchase of excessive life insurance in
any plan is considered a listed transaction if the face amount of the insurance
exceeds the amount that can be issued by $100,000 or more and the employer has
deducted the premiums for the insurance.
A 412(i) plan in and of itself is not a listed transaction;
however, the IRS has a task force auditing 412i plans.
An employer has not engaged in a listed transaction simply
because it is a 412(i) plan.
Just because a 412(i) plan was audited and sanctioned for
certain items, does not necessarily mean the plan engaged in a listed
transaction. Some 412(i) plans have been audited and sanctioned for issues not
related to listed transactions.
Companies should carefully evaluate proposed investments in
plans such as the 419 Plan. The claimed deductions will not be available, and
penalties will be assessed for lack of disclosure if the investment is similar
to the investments described in Notice 95-34. In addition, under IRC 6707A, IRS
fines participants a large amount of money for not properly disclosing their
participation in listed, reportable or similar transactions; an issue that was
not before the Tax Court in either Curcio or McGehee. The disclosure needs to
be made for every year the participant is in a plan. The forms need to be
properly filed even for years that no contributions are made. I have received
numerous calls from participants who did disclose and still got fined because
the forms were not filled in properly. A plan administrator told me that he
assisted hundreds of his participants file forms, and they still all received
very large IRS fines for not properly filling in the forms.
IRS has been attacking all 419 welfare benefit plans, many
412i retirement plans, captive insurance plans with life insurance in them and
Section 79 plans.
Business Owners in 419, 412i, Section 79 and Captive Insurance Plans Will Probably Be Fined by the IRS Under Section 6707A
by Lance
Wallach
Taxpayers who
previously adopted 419, 412i, captive insurance or Section 79 plans are in big
trouble. In recent years, the IRS has identified many of these arrangements as
abusive devices to funnel tax deductible dollars to shareholders and classified
these arrangements as “listed transactions.” These plans were sold by insurance
agents, financial planners, accountants and attorneys seeking large life
insurance commissions. In general, taxpayers who engage in a “listed
transaction” must report such transaction to the IRS on Form 8886 every year
that they “participate” in the transaction, and the taxpayer does not
necessarily have to make a contribution or claim a tax deduction to be deemed
to participate. Section 6707A of the Code imposes severe penalties ($200,000
for a business and $100,000 for an individual) for failure to file Form 8886
with respect to a listed transaction. But a taxpayer can also be in trouble if
they file incorrectly. I have received numerous phone calls from business
owners who filed and still got fined. Not only does
the taxpayer have to
file Form 8886, but it has to be prepared correctly. I only know of two people
in the United States who have filed these forms properly for clients. They told
me that the form was prepared after hundreds of hours of research and over
fifty phones calls to various IRS personnel. The filing instructions for Form
8886 presume a timely filing. Most people file late and follow the directions
for currently preparing the forms. Then the IRS fines the business owner. The
tax court does not have jurisdiction to
abate or lower such penalties imposed by the IRS.
Many business owners
adopted 412i, 419, captive insurance and Section 79 plans based upon
representations provided by insurance professionals that the plans were
legitimate plans and they were not
informed that they were engaging in a listed transaction. Upon audit, these
taxpayers were shocked when the IRS asserted penalties under Section 6707A of
the Code in the hundreds of thousands of
dollars. Numerous complaints from these taxpayers caused Congress to impose a
moratorium on assessment of Section 6707A penalties.
The moratorium on
IRS fines expired on June 1, 2010. The IRS immediately started sending out
notices proposing the imposition of Section 6707A penalties along with requests
for lengthy extensions of the Statute of Limitations for the purpose of
assessing tax. Many of these taxpayers stopped taking deductions for
contributions to these plans years ago, and are confused and upset by the IRS’s
inquiry, especially when the taxpayer had previously reached a monetary settlement
with the IRS regarding the deductions taken in prior
years. Logic and common sense dictate that a penalty should not apply if the
taxpayer no longer benefits from the arrangement.
Treas. Reg. Sec.
1.6011-4(c)(3)(i) provides that a taxpayer has participated in a listed
transaction if the taxpayer’s tax return reflects tax consequences or a tax
strategy described in the published guidance identifying the transaction as a
listed transaction or a transaction that is the same or substantially similar to a listed
transaction. Clearly, the primary benefit in the participation of these plans
is the large tax deduction generated by such participation. It follows that
taxpayers who no longer enjoy the benefit of those large deductions are no
longer “participating” in the listed transaction.
But that is not the
end of the story. Many taxpayers who are no longer taking current tax
deductions for these plans continue to enjoy the benefit of previous tax
deductions by continuing the deferral of income from contributions and
deductions taken in prior years. While the regulations do not expand on what
constitutes “reflecting the tax consequences of the strategy,” it could be
argued that continued benefit from a tax deferral for a previous tax deduction
is within the contemplation of a “tax consequence” of the plan strategy. Also,
many taxpayers who no longer make contributions or claim tax deductions
continue to pay administrative fees. Sometimes, money is taken from the plan to
pay premiums to keep life insurance policies in force. In these ways, it could
be argued that these taxpayers are still “contributing,” and thus still must
file Form 8886.
It is clear that the
extent to which a taxpayer benefits from the transaction depends on the purpose
of a particular transaction as described in the published guidance that caused
such transaction to be a listed transaction. Revenue Ruling 2004-20, which
classifies 419(e) transactions, appears to be concerned with the employer’s
contribution/deduction amount rather than the continued deferral of the income
in previous years. This language may provide the taxpayer with a solid argument
in the event of an audit.
Lance Wallach Life Insurance: Captive Insurance Buyer Beware
Is a captive insurance cell the way to go? - Accounting Today - Captive Insurance: Achieve large tax and cost reductions by renting a “CAPTIVE”. Most accountants and small business owners are unfamiliar with a great way to reduce taxes and expenses. By either creating or sharing “a captive insurance company”, substantial tax and cost savings will benefit the small business owner.
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